考虑可动-不动水体假设的河套灌区适宜秋灌定额UBMOD模拟

针对土壤盐分物理非平衡运移定量描述的问题,为了探究内蒙古河套灌区根系层盐分累积与淋洗规律及适宜秋灌定额,该研究考虑可动-不动水体假设,构建UBMOD水盐运移模型,模拟分析了河套灌区永联试验区根系层土壤盐分累积与淋洗规律,探究不同水文年型、不同灌溉定额、不同灌溉水矿化度与不同秋灌定额条件下永联试验区根系层土壤盐分的淋洗规...     

我国菜园土壤的资源特点与持续利用

作者系统地研究了我国多种类型母土上发育的菜园土壤的发生发育特征以及与起源土壤的关系,探讨了菜园土壤的养分富集、肥力演变和污染退化特点。研究表明,菜园土壤随着植菜历史的延长,有机质及各养分元素的含量有明显增加的趋势,其中以速效磷强烈富集和有机质大量积累为最典型的特征。土壤中Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ的全量含量和有效态含量均有明显增高的趋势。根据我国菜园土壤资源特点和目前的具体情况提出了管理和持续利用中应注意的问题。     

福州市蔬菜地土壤磷淋失的“阈值”研究

以福州郊区蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,通过室内模拟试验,研究6种不同土壤测试磷(Olsen-P、CaCI2-P、H2O-P、NaOH-P,Bray-P、有机磷)含量与磷素淋失之间的关系,探讨土壤磷素淋失风险评估的指标.结果表明,CaCI2-p、有机磷与淋洗液溶解总磷(DTP)的当次释放量及其累积量具有极显著的相关关系,可作为评价蔬菜地土壤磷淋失风险的指标,以DTP 0.05 nmg·L-1作为引起水体富营养化的临界值,获得本试验区域蔬菜地土壤磷素淋失的CaCl2-P、有机磷阀值分别为14.1 mg·kg-1和205.8 mg·kg-1;以Hesketh2000年提出的“突变点”方法预测土壤磷素淋失风险,得出本试验区域蔬菜地土壤磷发生淋溶的Olsen-P“突变点”为96.6 mg · kg-1·.     

Genetic Correlations Among Wood,Growth Capacity and Stem Traits in Pinus sylvestris

Wood density and tracheid length are two traits that significantly affect wood products. Genetic correlations were estimated to evaluate the effect on these traits from a selection for traits included in the Swedish Pinus sylvestris L. breeding programme. Measurements from a non-contiguous single-tree plot progeny trial with controlled matings between 30 parent trees was used. Heritabilities were high for the wood traits, intermediate for the growth capacity traits and low for the stem traits, with the exception of branch angle. Wood density showed no or non-significant negative genetic correlations with the growth capacity traits and a positive correlation with relative branch diameter. Tracheid length showed positive genetic correlations with height and a positive correlation with relative branch diameter. A selection that increased height growth at the age of 13 yrs by 10% was expected to decrease mean wood density at 33 yrs by 1%. The expected correlated response to tracheid length from the same selection was a 3% increase in the juvenile and mature wood.     

封育与放牧对三江源区高寒草甸植物和土壤碳储量的影响

在三江源区选择不同封育年限的退化高寒草甸,测定其地上部分主要功能群(禾草类、杂类草、莎草类的总碳氮浓度)、植物根系和土壤碳浓度及储量的动态研究。结果表明:围栏封育主要功能群总碳浓度和碳氮比高于自由放牧草地;围栏封育地下根系碳浓度明显高于自由放牧草地;高寒草甸土壤有机碳储量最大,植物地上部分碳储量最小,植物根系碳储量居中。0～30cm深度土体单位面积有机碳储量由高到低依次为:围栏封育5年>围栏封育10年>自由放牧;封育5年和10年后,总碳储量较自由放牧草地提高了36.54%,24.61%;土壤有机碳分别增加了26.28%和24.28%;而封育5年和10年之间碳储量没有显著变化,说明围栏封育是高寒草甸固碳减排的有效措施之一。     

磷与镉对不同类型耕型红壤有机氮矿化的影响

采用室内培养,设磷处理浓度为0、0.1、0.3和0.5 g/kg,镉处理浓度为0、0.5和1.0 mg/kg,研究磷、镉单独处理及磷、镉共同处理对湖南省4种典型母质(第四纪红土、花岗岩风化物、石灰岩风化物和板岩风化物)发育的耕型红壤有机氮矿化的影响.结果表明:培养2~8周的耕型第四纪红土红壤氮矿化量均值随磷添加量增加而先增加后减小,且在添加0.1 g/kg 磷时土壤的氮矿化量最大,其余红壤氮矿化量均随磷添加量的增加而增加;添加镉对耕型第四纪红土红壤和耕型石灰岩红壤氮矿化有抑制作用,最大降幅分别为4.98 mg/kg 和6.53 mg/kg;磷、镉共同处理,除耕型第四纪红土红壤外,对其余红壤氮矿化均表现为促进作用,且不同红壤氮矿化量存在差异;添加0.3 g/kg 和0.5 g/kg 磷对轻度镉污染红壤的有机氮矿化效果最好     

农田土壤温室气体排放研究进展(英文)

[目的]对农田土壤温室气体排放的研究进展进行综述。[方法]根据近几年国内外相关文献,对农田土壤中CO2、CH4和N2O的产生机理、排放特征及其主要影响因素进行归纳。[结果]土壤中温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O的产生和排放过程,是陆地生态系统碳氮循环的重要过程,是土壤碳氮库的重要输出途径,在全球碳氮循环中起到很重要作用,对其展开研究有利于减少其排放温室气体的量以及增大其吸收温室气体的能力,从而更有效地实现温室气体的减排。[结论]该研究有助于对温室气体排放规律和影响因素的正确了解,从而对温室气体减排以及研究气候变化提供理论依据。     

干旱区绿洲农田土壤污染生态补偿标准测算——以白银、金昌市郊农业区为例

文中基于环境价值评估法(CVM)为干旱区绿洲农田土壤重金属污染防治生态补偿政策进行了计量经济学的模型分析,测算了农户对当地实施生态补偿的受偿意愿。在382个调查样本中,91.79%的受访村民认为所在地目前土壤污染问题十分严重并已造成了食用人群健康风险,制定合理的生态补偿标准是保障生态修复工程的核心因素。受偿意愿调查结果显示,干旱区绿洲农田受重金属污染的农户的年平均受偿意愿(MWPA)在746.45-862.73元/hm2之间,影响该数额的主要因素为农户家庭人口、户均耕地面积以及农户受教育程度。该结果说明受访农户提出的受偿意愿是以当地种植基本粮食作物的年收入840元/亩为基础的,但未包括当地农业生产的生态效益损失和对人群健康影响的损失,且受经济欠发达地区农户年均收入较低和信息获取渠道缺乏的影响,当地农户受偿意愿低于其他地区生态补偿受偿意愿。     

Influence of Aluminum Hydroxide on Potassium Release from Two Colombian Soils

Abstract

The effect of sesquioxides on the mechanisms of chemical reactions that govern the transformation between exchangeable potassium (Kex) and non‐exchangeable K (Knex) was studied on acid tropical soils from Colombia: Caribia with predominantly 2∶1 clay minerals and High Terrace with predominantly 1∶1 clay minerals and sesquioxides. Illite and vermiculite are the main clay minerals in Caribia followed by kaolinite, gibbsite, and plagioclase, and kaolinite is the major clay mineral in High Terrace followed by hydroxyl‐Al interlayered vermiculite, quartz, and pyrophyllite. The soils have 1.8 and 0.5% of K₂O, respectively. They were used either untreated or prepared by adding AlCl₃ and NaOH, which produced aluminum hydroxide. The soils were percolated continuously with 10 mM NH₄OAc at pH 7.0 and 10 mM CaCl₂ at pH 5.8 for 120 h at 6 mL h^?1 to examine the release of Kex and Knex. In the untreated soils, NH₄ ⁺ and Ca²⁺ released the same amounts of Kex from Caribia, whereas NH₄ ⁺ released about twice as much Kex as Ca²⁺ from High Terrace. This study proposes that the small ionic size of NH₄ ⁺ (0.54 nm) enables it to enter more easily into the K sites at the broken edges of the kaolinite where Ca²⁺ (0.96 nm) cannot have access. As expected for a soil dominated by 2∶1 clay minerals, Ca²⁺ caused Knex to be released from Caribia with no release by NH₄ ⁺. No Knex was released by either ion from High Terrace. After treatment with aluminum hydroxide, K release from the exchangeable fraction was reduced in Caribia due to the blocking of the exchange sites but release of Knex was not affected. The treatment increased the amount of Kex released from the High Terrace soil and the release of Knex remained negligible although with Ca²⁺ the distinction between Kex and Knex was unclear. The increase in Kex was attributed to the initially acidic conditions produced by adding AlCl₃ which may have dissolved interlayered aluminum hydroxide from the vermiculite present, thus exposing trapped K as exchangeable K. The subsequent precipitation of aluminum hydroxide when NaOH was added did not interfere with the release of this K, and so was probably formed mostly on the surface of the dominant kaolinite. Measurement of availability of K by standard methods using NH₄ salts could result in overestimates in High Terrace and this may be a more general shortcoming of the methods in kaolinitic soils.     

Molybdenum and Copper Uptake by Forage Grasses and Legumes Grown on a Metal‐Contaminated Sludge Site

Abstract

Wastes applied to agricultural land can contain significant concentrations of bioavailable molybdenum (Mo). Because Mo uptake by forage crops could lead to hypocuprosis in ruminants, more knowledge is needed about which crops are most efficient in accumulating Mo. At an old sewage sludge‐amended site, the concentrations of Mo, copper (Cu), and several other trace metals were measured in various grass species. Generally, the grasses grown on the sludge site contained higher Mo concentrations than the same species grown on a nearby control site. However, because Cu concentrations were also higher in the sludge‐grown grasses, Cu:Mo ratios in the grasses were frequently higher on the sludge site. In contrast, all legumes tested (alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, red clover, pea), as well as canola and beets, had lower Cu:Mo ratios when grown on the sludge site. Sulfur concentrations in the two crops analyzed for this element (canola and pea) were higher on the sludge site than the control. It is concluded that Mo, Cu, and sulfur (S) bioavailability remains elevated in the soil several decades after sewage sludge application.